What is the biggest tax break in the US tax code? Mortgage interest deduction? Charitable deduction? Big oil? Capital gains? No, no, no, and no. The biggest tax break in the entire code is the tax asylum for employer-sponsored health insurance. If you get health insurance through your employer, you get a good chunk of compensation completely tax-free. Or, in other words, the government is subsidizing your healthcare. You might think that is a good thing for Joe Shmoe Americano. I’m here to tell you why it is not.
America has a marginal, progressive income taxation system.
What does that mean?
If you are a single individual, and you made $50,000 last year, then your marginal tax rate is 25%. But, you don’t pay 25% of your (taxable) income as tax. Rather, you pay 10% of your first $9,225, 15% of your $28,225, and 25% of your final $12,549. So, your average tax rate is going to be substantially less than 25%. But, if you made $1 more, then you would have to pay $0.25 in additional taxes. Make sense?
2015 Tax Brackets for Individual Taxpayers
Joe Shmoe is not paying into the highest tax bracket–at the federal level.
Joe Shmoe makes $50,000/year. At least 95% of single adult Americans make less than $90,000/year, and therefore never touch a marginal tax rate higher than 25%. Almost half of Americans don’t pay federal income tax at all, although they still end up paying a substantial share of other taxes, many of which are regressive, especially at the state and local level. Of state and local taxes, the bottom 20% actually pay double the effective tax rate of the top 1% of income-earners.
In other words, almost half of Americans, the poorest half, are denied access to the biggest tax break in the tax code.
The higher the marginal tax rate you are paying, the more of your health insurance is being subsidized by Uncle Ben.
If you make $500,000/year, then you currently pay some of your income into the highest marginal tax bracket, 39.6%. Suppose you were shopping between two health insurance plans. One cost $10,000, and had an expected value to you of about $11,000. The other cost $20,000, and had an expected value to you of $18,000. Which are you going to choose? Now, what if I told you that the government would subsidize 40% of the cost? You are now picking between a $6000 plan that is subjectively worth $11,000 (for a consumer surplus/profit of $5000), and a $12,000 plan that is subjectively worth $18,000 (for a consumer surplus/profit of $6000). The plan that has a net negative total value for society (because it benefits you only $18,000, while having an actual cost of $20,000) is the plan that you choose. Why? Because the government is subsidizing a large chunk of the cost, and it has a bigger price tag.
You should be able to see where this is going. The wealthy, who pay some of their income at high marginal tax brackets, have a perverse incentive to overspend on health insurance policies, even inefficient ones, at tax-payer expense. The poor and the lower middle class, meanwhile, who maybe could actually use subsidized healthcare, are left out. Even those who do work for an employer that provides health insurance are left out of the primary benefit of the tax break because they aren’t being taxed at a high marginal rate in the first place.
Conclusion
Joe Shmoe is getting a modest tax break/subsidy. But Richy Rich is getting a much larger subsidy, even if he gets the exact same insurance. Of course, Richy Rich can probably afford slightly better insurance than Joe Shmoe, especially with the bigger subsidy, and he is strongly incentivized to take full advantage of the tax break to do so. Meanwhile, Poor Guy down the street doesn’t get any subsidy at all, even if he happens to get health insurance through his employer. That part of the problem, at least, was rectified in part by the Affordable Care Act. But, we still have a system that gives increasingly large tax breaks to the increasingly wealthy top percentiles of our nation, and that just ain’t right.
Tags: biggest subsidies, government spending, health insurance subsidy, income tax, largest tax break, marginal taxation, progressive taxation, regressive taxation, social problems, subsidies, tax break, tax break for the wealthy, tax system